Methods to study Anatomy.

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There are two chief methods that are employed to study anatomy:
  • Systemic Study
  • Topographic Study

1)Systemic Study:

                        In this, the body is studied in the form of different systems.

Major Divisions:

  • Osteology:  It is the description of the bones.
  • Arthrology: It is the description of joints.
  • Myology: It is the description of muscles.
  • Splanchnology: It is the description of viscera(soft organs). This includes the following subdivisions of the soft organs of the body:
    • Digestive system
    • Respiratory system
    • Urinary system
    • Male reproductive system
  •           Female reproductive system      
  • Angiology: It is the description of the organs of circulation.
  • Neurology: It is the description of the Nervous system. 
  • Esthesiology: It is the description of the sense organs and common integuments(skin)


2)Topographic Study:

                   The method by which the relative positions of various parts of the body are accurately determined.

Major Topographic Terms:

  • Dorsal: It is nearer to the top of the body.
  • Ventral: It s near to the ground or away from the top of the body.
  • Medial: It is near to the midline of the body i.e median plane.
  • Lateral: It is away from the media plane.
  • Cranial: It is directed towards the cranial cavity.
  • Caudal: It is directed towards the tail.
  • Rostral: It is directed towards the nose. (This term is used only on skull.)
  • Proximal: It is directed towards the main mass/trunk.
  • Distal: It is directed away from the main mass/trunk.
  • Oral: It is directed towards the oral cavity.
  • Aboral: It is directed away from the oral cavity.
  • Radial & Ulnar: It denotes the medial and lateral sides of the forearm in which radius and ulna are respectively located.
  • Tibial & Ulnar:  It denotes the medial and lateral sides of the leg in which tibia and fibula are respectively located.            
  • Palmer: It denotes the ventral surface of the hand/forepaw.
  • Planter: It denotes the ventral surface of the foot/hind paw, which touches the ground.
  • Axis: It is the central line of the body.
  • Axial: It is near to the axis.
  • Abaxial: It is away from the axis.
  • Deep: It denotes the structure that is towards or nearer to the centre of the solid organ.
  • Superficial: It denotes the structure that is nearer to the surface of the solid organ.
  • Proximal: It is directed towards the main mass/trunk. This term is applied to the limbs only.
  • Distal: It is directed away from the main mass/trunk. This term is applied to the limbs only. 


              These are some major terms and their divisions to study anatomy. 

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